The Civilization of West Europe Making Steps towards the Progress

Research Proposal for Food Waste Management-myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theResearch Proposal for Food Waste Management in Denmark. Answer: Foundation to the issue Food being the basic segment for the endurance of human presence is the most remarkable and developing industry around the globe. Food gives the vitality and sustenance as well as permit us to develop and stay solid. Over the most recent couple of decades, the mechanical food squander has been perceiving as a critical issue of nourishing, social and natural issues. With an absolute populace of about 5.4 million, a steady business condition, Denmark is one of the exceptionally evolved nations. Copenhagen, capital of Denmark alone has 20% of complete populace of Denmark. Denmark being an exceptionally evolved nation, individuals there are excessively occupied and because of occupied way of life they need to keep themselves genuinely fit and sound. In Danish society the significance can be shown with the spending of family units over DKK 88,000 million out of a year just on food and the agro-chain part, from creation to retail, has an absolute turnover of DKK 162,000 million of every a year(Napier Bjerregaard, 2014). The entire procedure of the business in Denmark just discharges the biggest measure of ozone depleting substances, with a noteworthy 7%of absolute CO2 emanation, and in the event that this food isn't devoured, at that point the assets utilized for this much creation are squandered. This must be controlled with some powerful way in such a case that this wastage in food industry isn't lessening then there will be a tremendous issue of absence of assets alongside some ecological and social issues. This decrease of food waste can be accomplished by various methods yet among every one of these methods counteraction is the best arrangement. Avoidance will lessen the food squander and just as the assets too(Affald Spild, 2017). The board issue Over the most recent five years Denmark has gotten one of the main European nations to battle for the food squander counteraction. Furthermore, the Danish Government has credited a lady, Selina Juul, who originated from Russia, for her endeavors to decrease the food squander by 25% in Denmark(Rodionova, 2017). To get some powerful methods for the decrease of over all food squander in Denmark the administration of food industry needs to break down the base of the issue. This examination will require the entire evolved way of life investigation from creation to the retail benefits. For this administration needs to gather some measurable and study information regarding essential data and optional information. This entire procedure will require the examination to be led distinctive significant parts answerable for the general wastage of food which are preparing, discount retail, food administration and Household division. Every one of these areas are similarly answerable for the all out food squander. In this manner, all the essential and auxiliary information must be gathered for the individual part so as to get the total comprehension of the issue. Further subsequent to gathering the necessary date the board needs to choose the appropriate kind of philosophy for the research(Nielsen, 2017). This philosophy can be one of the underneath expressed two sorts of looks into: Quantitative research Subjective research After this, the executives needs to settle on some extremely significant choices for the choice of the reasonable technique to direct the examination or study. The administration needs to choose its system and wanting to lead the examination so that the embraced technique must be adoptable by the organization and the result the investigation must be advantageous for the company(Hesse-Biber, 2015). To lead a compelling statistical surveying, the board needs to research the accompanying variables about the new item in advertise: Request of the market This examination will assist the administration with getting the genuine interest of the market which is essential to control the extra and superfluous creation of the food Market investigation In this specific administration needs to subgroup the market for its item by recognizing the sexual orientation, character and decision of the shoppers and afterward the executives needs to flexibly the amount of various kinds of food as per the utilization by various sections of the market Research question The above research issue drives us to find a few solutions to manage the administration issues: What is the real interest for food? What is the interest for singular food in the market? What is the flexibly chain procedure of various items? Which food is cherished most by the market? What is the flexibly for singular food? Research objective From the above research issue we inferred a few goals to finish the exploration in a viable methodology. This exploration issue gives the accompanying targets: To survey the exercises answerable for the wastage of food and recognize the nature and measure of the waste creation. To recognize and assess the food squander avoidance in various parts answerable for the significant food squander creation. To prescribe the powerful and appropriate administration to lessen wastage creation. To consider distinctive food squander limiting strategies and recognize the great practice for the same(Carraresi Banterle, 2015). References Affald, U., Spild, S. (2017, April). Food Wasste Prevention in Denmark: Identification of Hotspots and Potentias with Life Cycle. Recovered April 12, 2018, from Ministry of Environment and Food of Denmark: https://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/distributions/2017/04/978-87-93529-80-9.pdf Carraresi, L., Banterle, A. (2015). Agri-food Competitive Performance in EU Countries: A Fifteen-Year Retrospective. Global Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 18(2), 37-61. Hesse-Biber, S. (2015). The Problems and Prespects in the Teaching of Mixed Methods Research. Global Journal of Social Research Methodology, 18(5). Napier, G., Bjerregaard, H. (2014). Towards An International Food Cluster in Denmark. Recovered April 12, 2018, from Danish Food Cluster: https://danishfoodcluster.dk/wp-content/transfers/2014/10/TOWARDS-AN-INTERNATIONAL-FOOD-CLUSTER-IN-DENMARK.pdf Nielsen, M. M. (2017). eGovernance Framework for Successful Citizen Use of Online Services: A Danish-Japanese Comparative Analysis. Diary of Democracy (JeDEM), 9(2), 68-109. Rodionova, Z. (2017). Denmark Reduces Food Wastte by 25% in Five Years eith the Help of One Woman-Selina Juul. Recovered April 12, 2018, from free: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/denmark-diminish food-squander 25-percent-five-years-help-selina-juul-scandanavia-a7604061.html

Best Friends Essay Samples - Know What To Include

Best Friends Essay Samples - Know What To IncludeThe best friend's essay samples have been developed for college students. They are an aid in making the essay easy and concise as well as in organizing the information needed.There are four things that you will need to be wary of when choosing best friends essay samples for your college projects. First of all, read the essay carefully and try to see how it is presented. Look at how well it connects to the main theme of the essay as well as its overall structure.The essay sample should also contain some points on personal development. Don't forget that the student has to write a successful essay. Make sure that they don't repeat anything that they said in their essays and don't tell their own story in the paper. Besides this, you must avoid using any kind of repetitive wording as this could only cause the readers to lose interest.Also, make sure that the information given by the students in the best friends essay samples are concise and simple. Be careful not to mention any names of people who may cause the reader to lose focus. You have to make the reader to concentrate on the main ideas and information given.Another crucial aspect is how they organize the information that they have for the school assignment. Their examples have to be arranged in such a way that the theme is conveyed at the right pace. Moreover, their examples should also be arranged in such a way that they not just stand out but rather blend well with the rest of the essay.Since you are working hard to make the essay as good as it can be, it is very important that you consider every detail carefully. Remember that there are five areas where you can use best friends essay samples and the ones mentioned below are the most common:Life Experience: These examples will help you add a personal perspective to the life experience that is being discussed in the essay. You can consider different areas like religious upbringing, career, occupation, self-imp rovement, etc.Educational Information: Make sure that the data given in the essay is relevant to the topic. Some people just copy and paste the data given in the essay from the best friends essay samples, which is why it is necessary to study the paper carefully.

What Is a Control Group Definition and Explanation

A control group in a scientific experiment is a group separated from the rest of the experiment, where the independent variable being tested cannot influence the results. This isolates the independent variables effects on the experiment and can help rule out alternative explanations of the experimental results.Control groups can also be separated into two other types: positive or negative.Positive control groups are groups where the conditions of the experiment are set to guarantee a positive result. A positive control group can show the experiment is functioning properly as planned.Negative control groups are groups where the conditions of the experiment are set to cause a negative outcome.Control groups are not necessary for all scientific experiments. Controls are extremely useful where the experimental conditions are complex and difficult to isolate. Example of a Negative Control Group Negative control groups are particularly common in science fair experiments, to teach students how to identify the independent variable. A simple example of a control group can be seen in an experiment in which the researcher tests whether or not a new fertilizer has an effect on plant growth. The negative control group would be the set of plants grown without the fertilizer, but under the exact same conditions as the experimental group. The only difference between the experimental group would be whether or not the fertilizer was used. There could be several experimental groups, differing in the concentration of fertilizer used, its method of application, etc. The null hypothesis would be that the fertilizer has no effect on plant growth. Then, if a difference is seen in the growth rate of the plants or the height of plants over time, a strong correlation between the fertilizer and growth would be established. Note the fertilizer could have a negative impact on growth rather than a positive impact. Or, for some reason, the plants might not grow at all. The negative control group helps establish that the experimental variable is the cause of atypical growth, rather than some other (possibly unforeseen) variable. Example of a Positive Control Group A positive control demonstrates an experiment is capable of producing a positive result. For example, lets say you are examining bacterial susceptibility to a drug. You might use a positive control to make sure the growth medium is capable of supporting any bacteria. You could culture bacteria known to carry the drug resistance marker, so they should be capable of surviving on a drug-treated medium. If these bacteria grow, you have a positive control that shows other drug-resistance bacteria should be capable of surviving the test. The experiment could also include a negative control. You could plate bacteria known not to carry a drug resistance marker. These bacteria should be unable to grow on the drug-laced medium. If they do grow, you know there is a problem with the experiment.

The Quest to Moral Perfection - 1689 Words

Morality: it is a term that is questioned at every corner of every day. The moral idea ranges from something small such as helping an old women cross the street, to the extreme such as the recent actions taken by politicians to limit public union rights in Wisconsin. Dictating the difference between right and wrong has been an issue that dates to the times before Christ, where the idea of moral perfection was used to determine one’s right of passage into heaven. It was not until Benjamin Franklin, who published a guide within of his autobiography, describing thirteen steps to achieving moral perfection. Franklin used these morality milestones to thrive in living a successful life and eventually become one of the founding fathers of the†¦show more content†¦I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved—I do not expect the house to fall—but I do expect it will cease to be divide d. It will become all one thing or all the other. This quote suggests that Lincoln stood by his principles, which is the perfect of Resolution. He would go out and build on his principles and rebuild a torn nation from the ground to the world’s great nation again. Franklin shared these same principles when it came to his person and private life. For instance he strived to be the better philosopher from his young ages, he also did not just invent one thing but to keep striving to be better and making humanity better in its own way. It almost seems that resolution was the background to making the thirteen virtues. The next two virtues apply to not only his job but also anyone who takes on the active role of following these guidelines; they are frugality and industry. It is a common practice to cut cost in any business, to buy cheap but effective equipment to lower the cost to the consumer. Franklin most likely used this to his ability when going in and out of printing presses and making his own. Having the top of the line equipment may seem great but at times is not necessary. Frugality also promotes more success when the cost to run a business is declining more money is being put towardsShow MoreRelatedWhiplash, A 2014 American Drama Film786 Words   |  4 Pagesstudent-teacher relationship in the quest better their craft. Directed by Damien Chazelle and starring Miles Teller (Andrew) and J.K. Simmons (Fletcher), the film portrays how far a teacher would go to push his students to greatness. Simmons seizes the role of the instructor of the jazz band with enthusiasm and brutality alike. J .K. Simmons offers an unforgettable and award winning performance as he teaches his students in the style of jazz. 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The opening historical recounting, according to Richard Hamilton Green, reminds the reader that â€Å"the greatness of the past is marred by reminders of failure† (179). The paradox of triumph and greatness arising out of failure foreshadows Sir Gawain following the same pattern of fate as his predecessors. While the completion of Gawain’s quest reaffirms the historical paradox of greatness, his journeyRead MoreHuman Selfless or Selfish in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald13 02 Words   |  6 PagesGoodman Brown† and The Scarlett Letter, as well as F. Scott Fitzgerald’s renowned novel, The Great Gatsby, all reference the idea that people impulsively pursue perfection, as determined by their community’s values. While different communities establish different standards for perfection, society as whole romanticizes the idea of perfection and subsequently people strive to create the illusion of a perfect life. How an individual represents the values idealized by a given community determines his/herRead MoreQuest For The Holy Grail1319 Words   |  6 PagesLancelot, Galahad and their Quest for the Holy Grail In the Arthurian Legend, Sir Lancelot is viewed as the powerful and skilled â€Å"White Knight†, however, he is also considered as the â€Å"Sinful Adulterer† for his disobeyment to the knights’ code of chivalry. Despite his innocence, these corrupt sins led to his unsuccessful quest for the Holy Grail. Instead, Galahad, the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot, is destined to achieve the Holy Grail, his devotional purity making him a greater warrior thanRead MoreEssay about The Birthmark1138 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican history (Encarta). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"The Birthmark,† like many of Hawthorne’s stories deals with the relationship between men and women. It is a love story where the quest for perfection leads to a tragic end. The protagonist, a scientist named Aylmer, attempts to attain perfection for his new wife Georgiana, by removing a birthmark resembling a small hand from her left cheek. Written in 1843, it was Hawthorne’s first work of fiction right after he married his wife, Sophia Read MoreImpact Of Indian Folk Drama985 Words   |  4 Pagesthe classical playwright Bhasa. Bhasa, considered as the earliest playwright, renders the episodes from the Mahabharata and Ramayana in a manner quite different from the later playwrights. In his plays, even the mythological episodes have a wider moral and human perspective. This method of linking individual happiness and tragedy, success and failure with wider social values is in keeping with the basic Indian dramatic approach. It was this element of the traditional Indian theatre which was revived

Newly Adopted Accounting Practices Rules †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Newly Adopted Accounting Practices Rules? Answer: Introducation This report reflects the key understanding on the accounting practices and particular changes arise after implementation of newly adopted accounting practices and rules. In this report, key area of management accounting is related to the management accounting practice and benefits arise from the newly introduced accounting practice on the business organizations. With the increasing ramification of economic changes, management accounting practice has been changing throughout the time and it is becoming cumbersome process for accountant to comply with implemented rules and regulations in determined approach. In this report, various newly introduced accounting rules and adopted management process system have been taken into consideration. It is considered that management department has to ensure all the changes in accounting rules and regulation with a view to adopt new process system and process management in determined approach. These accountants have to evaluate whether company is co mplying with all the rules and applicable standard while running its business effectively in organization (Muckstadt Sapra, 2010). Changes in the focus of management accounting practices As per the perception of Muckstadt Sapra, (2010) it is reflected that with the increasing ramification of economic changes, management accounting practice has been changing and it is becoming cumbersome process for accountant to comply with implemented rules and regulations in determined approach. These changing factors are imposing the requirement on business to change their ways of operating a management of business. There are several big organizations such as G.E. capital, Wesfarmers, Woolworth and Morrison plc. That has adopted changed management accounting practice in their accounting and reporting frameworks. These changed have been adopted with a view to strengthen the accounting and reporting frameworks of organization and increasing transparency of business functioning to their shareholders. As per the perception of Christ, Burritt (2013) it is reflected that there are several management accounting techniques which have been adopted by organizations such as cost management technique, ABC accounting technique, LIFO, FIFO methods, overhead absorption and apportions accounting technique and costing technique. However, accountants have become aware about these accounting techniques to manage their accounting practice in determined approach. Nonetheless, Multinational organizations set up different big rules and regulations for the management accounting practices with a view to strengthen the accounting and reporting frameworks and increasing transparency of business functioning to their shareholders. Ideally, when companies adopt different management accounting practice, then they have to evaluate various factors such as life cycle of business, size of business, regulatory requirements, modernisations of techniques and inventory management techniques. Management Accountants role in the contemporary business world As stated by Needle, (2010) it is reflected that with the changes in economic factors and business conditions, accountant has various responsibilities of management accountant and other executives of management. Management accountant has covered not only accounting task to manage the business transactions but also play important role in playing financial tasks in determined approach. However, there are several reporting and analysis work which are played by accountant in an organization. Reporting and analysis work: As per the views of Hada, Chakravarty Mukherjee, (2014) it is divulged that Reporting of financial statement to stakeholders is an important functioning of organizations. The management accountant is responsible for preparation the management accountant is responsible for preparation of reports on the functioning of various operations and to identify the root causes of any deficiency in the operations. Also the accountant is required to apply the analytical skills to the data of the company to compare the actual results with the benchmarks and to report the deviations, if any with the suitable recommendations. Formulation of Strategies: The management accountants are responsible to formulate the strategies for the management and the effective implementation of the same so as to achieve the targets and the goals effectively. Decision Making: The decision making function is the most crucial function in any organization as it require good amount of information to take important decisions for the company. The management accountant provides material and necessary to the top level management. Interpretation of Information: Management accountant helps in the interpretation of financial information provided to the management so that it becomes easy for the managers to understand the operating results. Advisor: Cost management is supposed to provide the best advice relation to various crucial matters on which management has to take firm decisions. The accountant is required to provide the advice which is best suitable to the company so as to improve the overall performance of the different functions of the company. Change Manager: As organization has to adapt to the changes that are rapidly occurring in the environment in which it is operating, the management accountant will help the firm to cope up with the changes by identifying and assessing the need and implications of changes through provision of updated information (Christ, Burritt 2013) Performance measurement: The management accountant helps the organization in measuring the performance of overall organization as well as the performance of individuals of the management such as employees and the managers. Customers value and Shareholders wealth As per the views of Iyer, et al. (2015) it is divulged that creation of customers value is very important business functioning of organization. It is considered that if amount paid by customer to buy goods and services from the market is high as compared to the satisfaction they get from the market then customers value would be high. It is further observed that in case if customers get high satisfaction from the purchased goods and services then in this customers value would be high. It is observed that accountant management could increase the overall client satisfaction if they implement proper management accounting system to record financial and non-financial transactions in determined approach. There are several companies such as G.E. capital, Wesfarmers, Woolworth and Morrison plc. who have created core competency in creation of customers value and shareholders wealth. These companies have developed organization culture by implementing proper level of policies and frameworks and delivering best level of services to clients. Customers in the market could evaluate the brand image and value chain activities of organization by understanding financial statements in determined approach. Application of different level of accounting practice and developed accounting plans has helped G.E. capital, Wesfarmers, Woolworth and Morrison plc. to creation customers value in the market. This has not only increased overall clients buying habits but also enhance the brand image of company in market. This creation of customers value is key pillar for the success of organization and it could be created by increasing the overall quality of client and production efficiency in determined approach (Iyer, et al. 2015). Shareholders wealth Shareholders are the key persons of company who make investment and provide capital to run the business. With the help of effective accounting management practice, company could increase the overall transparency of business and showcase the real earning to its stakeholders. It is further observed that if company increase the earning per share then it will eventually increase the overall shareholders health. Companies like G.E. capital, Wesfarmers, Woolworth and Morrison plc. have been offering high amount of earning per share to its shareholders. Morrison plc. offered 1.23 points average EPS to its shareholders since last five years data. On the other hand, Woolworth and Wesfarmers shared approximately 1.92 points average EPS to its shares. Company could increase the shareholders health by offering dividend, bonus shares and other retained earnings for the betterment of shareholders earning. However, various companies such as BP Billiton and Rio Tinto instead of offering dividend to its shareholders plug back all the profit earned in the business functioning of organization. This process will not only increase the overall value capital of the organizations but also provide high level of value creation to shareholders who invested their money in organization. It is observed that if company must focus on maximization of companys performance and increasing the overall value of capital. If companies fail to create value of investment then it will decrease the value of company in shareholders mind. However, each and every companies issues dividend, shareholders rights issues and other right to its shareholders with a view to establish proper level of nexus between companys welfare and shareholders wealth in effective manner. This shareholders wealth could be increased if company have proper level of harmonization in plugging back of profit and distributing overall earning to its shareholders (Iyer, et al. 2015). As stated by Muckstadt Sapra, 2010 it is reflected that after evaluating these two issues given above, it could be inferred that if organizations are making proper level of efforts then these two issues could be mitigated in determined approach. It is evaluated that company needs to identify the best possible efforts method such as issues of stock options, issues of right shares, dividend and other benefits to shareholders to increase the overall shareholders wealth. It is considered that shareholders wealth is completely dependent upon two factors such as distributions of companys benefits to shareholders and increase in the invested capital of company. Another issue is related to providing customers satisfaction to clients in the market. If company re-engineering its value chain activities to increase the effectiveness of overall efficiency of business then it will also increase the client satisfaction and brand image of company in the market. Contemporary techniques of resource management: It is observed that if company manages its resources such as financial, operating and other resources in effective manner then it will result to following benefits to organization such as creation of synergy in market, development of core competency and offering high level of quality and management of business (Muckstadt Sapra, 2010). Resources management is the system of management of resources of company in easy and determined approach with a view to create value of investment and efficiency of business. With the help of this resources management of business, company could reduce the wastage and by products of business. However, there are several techniques and methods which are very crucial for the management of business resources in company such as ABC costing technique, cost management method and absorption and appropriation of expenses in different department and determining the economic batch quantity by establishment of Economic order quantity of business. However, management of resources is done by using LIFO and FIFO method in inventory management technique (Hansen, 2011). It is considered that LIFO, FIFO and setting economic order of quantity is the most common method which company could use with a view to reduce the wastage and overburden of inventories in warehouse of the business. There are several c ompanies such as G.E. capital, Wesfarmers, Woolworth and Morrison plc. who have been using inventory management business technique to maintain proper level of inventory in warehouse. Target costing: This is the technique which is used to determine the margin company needs to earn after selling products and services. This target costing also helps company to reduce the complexity of business and reduce the byproducts (Baker English, 2011). Activity Based Budgeting- This is the budgeting process which helps organization to prepare budgeting process to analysis the cost attributable for the different department of organization. This Activity based budgeting assists company to evaluate the revenue and other associated cost of particular department and organizations in determined approach. This Activity based budgeting will help company to evaluate the historical budget information and prepare an effective inventory management plan. This will not only help in reducing overall cost of particular process system but will organization to create core competency in the production of organization This Activity based budgeting provide effective control on the management of expenses and inventory management of business. Nonetheless, this is very costly process and may result to increment in overall production cost for the particular time period (Lambert Pezet, 2011). Total quality management: This technique is developed with a view to increase the total quality of offered goods and service for the better satisfaction of clients. This TQM assists in increasing the overall efficiency of business and customized overall goods and services in determined approach. This TQM method is used by organization to set up particular standards and quality benchmark to increase the overall efficiency of business. Resource levelling: This technique is developed with a view to increase the overall efficiency of company to increase the satisfaction of clients managed in order to handle the constraint effectively. Six sigma: This is the set standard which is used by company for the quality check or proof reading of work. This Six sigma process is highly used by GE capital to evaluate its value chain activities (Hirst, Thompson Bromley, 2015). Logistic management: This process is used to manage the flow of goods and services from one place to another place. This logistic management implement efficient business functioning and decrease the complexity of value chain activities. Cost allocation Methods: Allocation of cost is different department is very necessary task for determining the cost of productions and units produced. However, there are several methods such as ABC costing, traditional costing and other methods to make bifurcation of cost in different department in determine approach (Dunning, 2014). Direct Method: This method is most common method in which all the cost is directly bifurcated into different department of organization. Step down Method: In this method all the associated department and functions share the expenses and overhead cost in different particular department. Reciprocal Method: With the help of this method, proper allocation of expenses in different department is based on the recognition of corresponding services to the service departments. However, this method is complicate and result to high level of complexity to determine the reciprocal allocation of indirect expenses in concerned department (Needle, 2010). However, it is evaluated that direct cost is allocated directly to the concerned department but allocation of indirect cost is based on the different cost drivers such as variable cost, number of hours and labour machinery working (Boxall Purcell, 2011). The cost is allocated by using cost actual labour or machinery working in the business process of organization. References Abdullah, Y. H., Jadhav, K. D., Borhade, S. (2014). The Effect of Applying Activity Based Costing Technique on Financial Performance of Service Industry: A Case Study of Levare Consultants Pvt. Ltd.Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies,2(4). Aminian, V., Nejad, A., Mortaji, S., Bagherpour, M. (2016). A modified earned value management using activity based costing.Journal of Project Management,1(2), 41-54. Baker, H. K., English, P. (2011).Capital budgeting valuation: Financial analysis for today's investment projects(Vol. 13). John Wiley Sons. Bayati, M., Ahari, A. M., Badakhshan, A., Gholipour, M., Joulaei, H. (2015). Cost Analysis of MRI Services in Iran: An Application of Activity Based Costing Technique.Iranian Journal of Radiology,12(4). Boxall, P., Purcell, J. (2011).Strategy and human resource management. Palgrave Macmillan. Cassettari, L., Mosca, M., Mosca, R., Rolando, F., Costa, M., Pisaturo, V. (2016). IVF cycle cost estimation using Activity Based Costing and Monte Carlo simulation.Health care management science,19(1), 20-30. Cuguer-Escofet, N., Fito, M. (2016). The Impact of ABC Costing Systems to Solve Managerial Cost Problems: A Real Improvement, a Fad or a Fashion?. Cuguer-Escofet, N., Fito, M. (2016). The Impact of ABC Costing Systems to Solve Managerial Cost Problems: A Real Improvement, a Fad or a Fashion?. Dunning, J. H. (2014).The Globalization of Business (Routledge Revivals): The Challenge of the 1990s. Routledge. Ebrahimian, H., Taheri, B., Yousefi, N. (2015). Optimal operation of energy at hydrothermal power plants by simultaneous minimization of pollution and costs using improved ABC algorithm.Frontiers in Energy,9(4), 426-432. Hada, M. S., Chakravarty, A., Mukherjee, P. (2014). Activity based costing of diagnostic procedures at a nuclear medicine center of a tertiary care hospital.Indian journal of nuclear medicine: IJNM: the official journal of the Society of Nuclear Medicine, India,29(4), 241. Hansen, S. C. (2011). A theoretical analysis of the impact of adopting rolling budgets, activity-based budgeting and beyond budgeting.European Accounting Review,20(2), 289-319. Hirst, P., Thompson, G., Bromley, S. (2015).Globalization in question. John Wiley Sons. Iyer, P., Liu, Y., Sadeghpour, F., Brennan, R. W. (2015). A fuzzy-logic based resource levelling optimisation tool.IFAC-PapersOnLine,48(3), 1942-1947. Lambert, C., Pezet, E. (2011). The making of the management accountantBecoming the producer of truthful knowledge.Accounting, Organizations and Society,36(1), 10-30. Mashayekhi, B., Ara, M. (2017). Activity-Based Costing in the Hospitality Industry: A Case Study in a Hotel.World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering,11(9), 2072-2076. Muckstadt, J. A., Sapra, A. (2010). EOQ Model.Principles of Inventory Management, 17-45. Needle, D. (2010).Business in context: An introduction to business and its environment. Cengage Learning EMEA. Raab, C., Zemke, D. M. (2016). Activity-Based Costing in the Restaurant Industry: What's Past Is Prologue.The Journal of Hospitality Financial Management,24(2), 133-146.

Simulation and Supply Chain Management

Introduction In the current global economy, organisations become successful depending on how well they are in a position to utilise and manage their supply chain. Supply chain forms a vital component of flow of materials in any organisation. A majority of the organisations has developed policies aimed at supply chain management, which work differently in different industries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simulation and Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Chang and Makatsoris (2001), supply chain management was coined in the early 90s and it entails the process where manufacturers, suppliers, warehouses, and retailers are integrated with the aim of efficiency and cost reduction. When trying to put up systems to be utilised in organisations, some challenges may be encountered, which may affect the operation of the final product, hence the need for a simulation. The conventional definition of simulation holds that simulation is a model of the actual system, which can be experimented with the aim of predicting the efficiency of the real system (Banks 1998). Supply chain management can be simulated to establish the likely outcomes as the various parts are reconfigured or interfered with to achieve a particular result. Simulation can currently be achieved using special software that is in a position to generate the actual program, process, or product. One of the software used for this purpose is the Simul8, which will be utilised in this model. An example of a company that will be utilised in this simulation project is Paisley Pallets (LLc.), which is a family-owned business entity that has produced pallets since the beginning of the year 1965. The company operates in more than 50 countries and it produces pallets that are vital in the logistics industry. It has continued to be the leader in the market with more than 100,000 people visiting its different outle ts in a single year and more than 12,000 people working under the organisation. The company has a clear supply-chain management policy and a simulation of its manufacturing process and supply chain management is possible. This part is a literature review on simulation and supply chain management with a focus on the areas that simulation is applied and some of its advantages and disadvantages. Simulation and areas of application As aforementioned, simulation is used to create a model of a part of the real world, with the aim being to use this substitute to experiment or predict changes when alterations are made (Hollocks 1995). Simulation can be applied in a number of fields to predict changes when variations are made to the normal or known operational characteristics of any system. However, according to Hollocks (1995), the most common field where simulation is applied is in the manufacturing industry. Other sectors where simulation is applied include the finance, health, service, a nd retail sectors (Hollocks 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simulation allows the mitigation of crisis in any industry and supply chains are currently being made efficient by simulation. In the present day, global trade is a characteristic of any industry and supply chains of present day organisations run through continents, and thus simulations finds wide application in such areas. Therefore, supply chain management has evolved to be an important component of any organisational management. The simulation of supply chain is one of the methods that are currently being utilised by organisations to improve on their efficiency and output. As Ebrahimy, AbouRizk, Fernando, and Mohamed (2011) state, there are a number of toolkits that may be utilised in the simulation of a supply chain in organisations, but in their research, they focused on construction simulation tools Car son (2005, p. 17) describes a simulation model as a ‘descriptive model of a process or system and usually it includes parameters that allow the model to be configurable; that is, to represent a number of somewhat different system or process configurations’. Through the different configurations that are available, one can alter this model to achieve the desired results. Khorramabady (2006) posits that a good supply chain model should have a detailed model of the project, as well as a detailed upstream supply chain model, with the two constituting the two main important components. Supply chain management is reported to improve over the last few decades and one of the contributing factors is the presence of simulation as a tool. Zee and Vorst (2005) state that simulation has become an important tool in decision making in matters to do with supply chain management. The construction industry is one of the industries with complex supply chains, and thus in this industry, sup ply chain management is vital. Demand variability can adversely affect logistics management in the industry and its complexity can be addressed through a stochastic simulation modelling approach (Vadalakis, Tookey Sommervile 2011). Other researchers who recognise simulation as being important in supply chain management are Vankateswaran and Son (2004), and their experimental results emphasised on the same. They also state that more research is needed to test the experiments in different conditions of supply chains to prove that the use of simulation is efficient enough in different settings (Vankateswaran Son 2004). One of the products of simulation in supply chain management is the scheduling models that are applied in manufacturing, which improve the supply chain performance in the industry (Selvarajah Zhang 2013). Simulation of interaction between clients and organisations has also led to improvement in the workshop environment, which is attributable to facilitated modelling ( Robinson et al. 2014).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Simulation and Supply Chain Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Organisations do not exist in a vacuum and thus companies should engage with like-minded partners to improve on their performance in the industry. As such, partnerships have been developed in the supply chain systems especially for the multinational logistics networks. However, for large companies, local simulation paradigms are used in supply chains within the organisation to verify policies (Terzi Cavalieri 2004). Agriculture is another important industry where simulation is used in supply chain management. According to Cacho and Power (2014, p. 31), simulation can be used to develop a bio-economic model to estimate a stochastic risk frontier, which ‘is a novel approach to investigate the effects of management on the trade-offs between farm business profit and risk’. Long o (2011) also states that the use of simulation in supply chain management can be important in reducing crisis especially after the economic crisis that followed the major disasters in history. Long, Lin, and Sun (2011) suggest the use of simulation as a replacement for the traditional analytical model, which is unable to cope with the current supply chains that exist. According to Yang, Koziel, and Leifsson (2013, p. 859), some of the important trends in simulation and supply chain management include ‘nature-inspired meta-heuristic algorithms, Surrogate-based model and optimisation, Green computing and grid computing’. Various software tools are used in simulation in supply chain management and some of these tools include the Simul8. This computer package allows users to generate events and objects, which are defined in various characteristics to allow the simulation of the desired results. The software also comes with a number of plug-ins that maximises on its efficie ncy and ensures that the user is in a position to create the model as it appears in reality. Updates have also been made available, thus adding a number of advanced features. Gonzales (2013) also presents software that may be used in simulation of multiple models. However, further research is needed in some areas such as in supply chains with more than two stages as it exists in some industries (Albino, Carbonara Giannoccaro 2007). Advantages A number of advantages are associated with the use of simulation in supply chain management. One of the major advantages to the use of simulation in supply chain management is the reduction in operating time and costs (Hollocks 1995). Simulation allows the actual management of the supply chain to be efficient, and one of the ways in which the program achieves this goal is through a faster implementation of changes and reduction of the capital costs (Hollocks 1995).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Simulation has also allowed organisations to reduce the time taken to design a product and avail it to the market. Courtesy of this development, organisations can now ensure that products are always available in the market and at the right time. This move has ensured increased performance and profitability for companies that have adopted these policies. Some of the other benefits of using simulation as opposed to trying things in the real world include the reduction of risks (Vadalakis, Tookey Sommervile 2011). Organisations are in a position to simulate the supply chain and make alterations where potential risks arise, which has aided in risk reduction. Through simulation, managers and other parties involved in the supply chain can now have an understanding of how the process works, which leads to increased output and efficiency (Hollocks 1995). The program is also known to improve communication in organisations, as well as creating better working teams and skills (Hollocks 1995). Carson (2005) also states that simulation allows the identification of problems before a system is built or modified and at the same time allows for studies in dynamic systems. Disadvantages Whereas simulation in the supply chain has a number of advantages, a number of shortcomings are associated with this program. One of the demerits is that the creation of a simulation is time-consuming (Carson 2005). The time taken to develop the appropriate systems is important for the organisation as a whole and could be utilised in other activities. However, the advantages that come with simulation outweigh this disadvantage. The data that is also required in the construction of simulations is also costly to obtain and in some instances, it is not available to the organisations (Carson 2005). The making of simulations is important in the decision making for organisations on the appropriate supply chain policies. For effective decisions to be made, time should be invested. However, in the use of simulation, the time available before the decision making process is insufficient (Carson 2005). These are some of the disadvantage of the use of simulation in supply chain management. Reference List Albino, V, Carbonara, N, Giannoccaro, I 2007, ‘Supply chain cooperation in industrial districts: A simulation analysis’, European Journal of Operational Research  vol. 177 no. 1, pp. 261–280. Banks, J 1998, Handbook of Simulation: Principles, Methodology, Advances,  Applications, and Practice, Wiley, New York. Cacho, O Power, B 2014, ‘Identifying risk-efficient strategies using stochastic frontier analysis and simulation: An application to irrigated cropping in Australia’,  Agricultural Systems, vol.125 no. 6, pp. 23–32. Carson, J 2005, Introduction to Modelling and Simulation, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.120.8277rep=rep1type=pdf Chang, Y Makatsoris, H 2001, ‘Supply Chain Modelling Using Simulationâ €™,  Information Journal of Simulation, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 24-30. Ebrahimy, Y, AbouRizk, S, Fernando, S Mohamed, Y 2011, ‘Simulation modelling and sensitivity analysis of a tunnelling construction project’s supply chain’,  Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management, vol.18 no.5, pp. 462-480. Gonzales, F 2013, ‘Real-Time Simulation, and Control of Large Scale Distributed Discrete Event Systems’, Procedia Computer Science, vol. 16 no. 1, pp. 177–186. Hollocks, B 1995, ‘The Impact of Simulation in Manufacturing Decision Making’,  Control Engineering Practice, vol. 3 no. 1, pp. 106-112. Khorramabady Y 2006, Symphony Supply Chain Simulator: A Toolkit for Modelling  Supply Chain Coordination and Information Sharing, University of Alberta, Canada. Longo, F 2011, ‘Advances of modelling and simulation in supply chain and industry’,  Simulation: Transactions of the Society for Modelling and Simulation International, vol.87 no.8, pp. 651–656. Long, Q, Lin, J Sun, Z 2011, ‘Modelling and distributed simulation of supply chain with a multi-agent platform’, International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing  Technology, vol. 55 no. 1, pp. 1241–1252. Robinson, S, Worthington, C, Burgess, N Radnor, Z 2014, ‘Facilitated modelling with discrete-event simulation: Reality or myth’, European Journal of Operational  Research, vol. 234 no. 1, pp. 231–240. Selvarajah, E Zhang, R, 2013, ‘Supply Chain Scheduling at the Manufacturer to Minimise Inventory Holding and Delivery Costs’, International Journal of Production  Economics, vol. 6 no. 1, pp. 117–124. Terzi, S Cavalieri, S 2004, ‘Simulation in the supply chain context: a survey’,  Computers in Industry, vol. 53 no. 1, pp. 3–16. Vadalakis, C, Tookey, J Sommervile, J 2011, ‘Logistics simulation modelling across construction supply chainsâ€⠄¢, Construction Innovation, vol. 11 no. 2, pp. 212-228. Vankateswaran, J Son, Y 2004, ‘Impact of modelling approximations in supply chain analysis – an experimental study’, International Journal of Production  Research, vol. 42 no.15, pp. 2971-92 Yang, X, Koziel, S Leifsson, L 2013, ‘Computational Optimisation, Modelling and Simulation: Recent Trends and Challenges’, Procedia Computer Science, vol.18 no.1, pp. 855 – 860. Zee, S Vorst, I 2005 ‘A Modelling Framework for Supply Chain Simulation: Opportunities for Improved Decision’, Decision Sciences, vol. 36 no. 1, pp. 65-95. This essay on Simulation and Supply Chain Management was written and submitted by user Emelia H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.